تعیین منشاء و ارزیابی ریسک سلامت آرسنیک در منابع آب گستره معدنی تکاب
محورهای موضوعی :
راحله هاتفی
1
(پژوهشکده علوم ¬پایه کاربردی، جهاد دانشگاهی)
نسیم حیدریان
2
(پژوهشکده علوم پايه کاربردي )
کلید واژه: آرسنیک, بیماری سیستمیک, تکاب, ریسک سرطان‌زایی, منابع آبی.,
چکیده مقاله :
آرسنیک یک شبه فلز بالقوه سمی است، در صورت ورود به محیط زیست و منابع آبی می‌تواند اثرات زیان‌باری بر سلامتی انسان داشته باشد به‌طوری‌که بزرگ‌ترین خطر در معرض قرارگیری آرسنیک مربوط به آب آشامیدنی است. گستره مطالعاتی حوضه آبریز شهرستان تکاب در آذربایجان غربی است، دو معدن فعال و بزرگ طلای زرشوران و آغ دره با تیپ کارلین را در خود جای داده است. معادن طلای کارلین از نوع سولفیدی هستند که به دلیل ماهیت خود پتانسیل آلودگی منابع محیطی پایین‌دست از جمله آرسنیک را دارند. بنابراین، هدف از این مطالعه، تعیین منشاء و ارزیابی ریسک سلامت در جامعه است که در معرض آرسنیک از طریق بلع و تماس پوستی با منابع آبی آلوده است. در این راستا 45 نمونه از براساس قضاوت کارشناسی از منابع آبی به‌طور تصادفی چاه، چشمه و آب سطحی برداشت شد و به روش ICP-MS آنالیز شد و ریسک سلامتی با استفاده از خطر سرطان هدف (TR)، ضریب خطر (HQ) و شاخص خطر (HI) ارزیابی شد. نتایج کلی مبین آلودگی آرسنیک منابع آبی شرق و شمال گستره ناشی از فعالیت‌های آتشفشانی و دگرسانی کواترنری و فعالیت‌های معدنکاری است. بیشتر نمونه‌ها در بازه pH 9-10 و پتانسیل اکسایش- کاهش بین 100- تا 250- میلی ولت است که نشان‌دهنده غلبه گونه آرسنات (As5+) و به فرم H2AsO4 – است. مقدار HQ و HI در 52% از نمونه‌ها بالاتر از 10 هستند که مبین خطر بالای ابتلای جامعه در صورت مواجهه با آب آلوده هستند. مقادیر ریسک سرطان‌زایی گستره از 0 تا 2-10×7 متغیر است که مبین نبود ریسک سرطان‌زایی تا ریسک بسیار بالای ناشی از آرسنیک منابع آبی است. به‌طورکلی ریسک سرطان‌زایی و بیماری‌های غیر سرطانی در شرق و شمال گستره از دو مسیر مصرف مستقیم شامل بلع و آشامیدن و تماس پوستی به دلیل آلودگی ناشی از دو منبع زمین زاد و بشرزاد وجود دارد. بنابراین، توصیه می‌شود، توجه ویژه‌ای به پایش مستمر آلاینده‌های احتمالی، روش‌های مختلف جلوگیری از مواجهه با منابع آبی آلوده و روش‌های پاک‌سازی به‌منظور حداقل کردن خطر بهداشتی جامعه ساکن صورت پذیرد.
Arsenic is one of the heavy metals having harmful effects on human health if enters into the environment and water resources, so the major challenge of arsenic exposure is related to drinking water. The study area is Takab watershed in West Azarbaijan, which includes two large Zarshouran and Agh Dareh gold mines in Carlin type. Carlin gold mines are sulphidic that are able to pollute the downstream environmental resources such as arsenic. In this work, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with arsenic was evaluated for the human community, who are living in Takab watershed and are exposed to arsenic through oral and dermal pathways with contaminated water sources . 45 water samples were randomly collected from surface and groundwater resources in the study area with regard to expert judgment and the distribution points, analyzed by ICP-MS method. Then, the health risk was assessed using by target cancer risk (TR), risk coefficient (HQ) and index hazard (HI). The total results showed that arsenic contamination is derived from volcanic activities and Quaternary alteration and gold mining activities in the east and north of the region. Most of the samples were revealed a range of 9-10 and -100 to -250 mV as pH and oxidation-reduction potential, respectively, which indicates the predominance of arsenate species (As5+) in the form of H2AsO4-. HQ and HI values are more than 10 in 52% of the samples, which indicate the high health risk in people living in the study area. Carcinogenic risk level varies from 0 to 2×10-7, which shows no carcinogenic risk to very high risk by arsenic contamination in water resources. Overall, there are both risks of carcinogenesis and non-cancerous impact in the east and north of the region for intake by ingestion, drinking and skin contact due to water contamination from the natural and anthropogenic sources. Therefore, it is recommended to pay special attention to continuous monitoring for potential contaminant, different methods for preventing exposure to polluted water resources and treatment methods in order to minimize the health risk of the population.
باباخاني . ع. و قلمقاش . ج ، 1374 . نقشه زمين شناسي 100000/1 تخت سليمان ، چاپ سازمان زمين شناسي و اكتشافات معدني كشور.
فنودي . م ، 1377 . نقشه زمين شناسي 100000/1 تكاب ، چاپ سازمان زمين شناسي و اكتشافات معدني كشور .
هاتفی، ر.، شهسواری، ع.ا.، خدایی، ک. و اسدیان، ف.، 1396. بررسی وضعیت آلودگی منابع آب حوضه آبریز ساروق و پهنه بندی آلودگی. فصلنامه زمین‌شناسی ایران، 44، 89-106.
Agomuo, E.N. and Amadi, P.U., 2018. Oral ingestion risks of heavy metal accumulation at top soils of automobile workshops in Owerri capital city of Imo State, Nigeria. Acta Chemica Iasi, 26, 1, 21-44.
Aliyu, M., Oladipo, M.O.A., Adeyemo, D.J., Nasiru, R. and Bello, S., 2022. Estimation of Human Health Risk Due to Heavy Metals around Schools and AutoMobile Workshops near Frequented Roads in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Management, 26, 12, 2075-2083.
ATSDR, 2019. ATSDR’s Substance Priority List. Available from: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/spl/index.html
ATSDR, 2007. Toxicological profile for arsenic. Draft for Public Comment. Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp2.html.
Baba Koki, I., Salihi Bayero, A., Umar, A. and Yusuf, S., 2015. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in water, air, soil and fish. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 9, 11, 204-210
Baeyens, W., Brauwere, A., Brion, N., Gieter, M.D. and Leermakers, M., 2007. Arsenic speciation in the River Zenne, Belgium. Science of the Total Environment, 384, 1–3, 409–419.
Baghaie, A.H. and Fereydoni, M., 2019. The potential risk of heavy metals on human health due to the daily consumption of vegetables. Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal, 6, 1, 11–16.
Baloch, M.Y.J., Talpur, S.A., Talpur, H.A., Iqbal, J., Mangi, S.H. and Memon, S., 2020. Effects of Arsenic Toxicity on the Environment and Its Remediation Techniques: A Review. Journal of Water and Environment Technology, 18, 5: 275–289.
Baloch, M.Y.J., Zhang, W., Zhang, D., Al Shoumik, B.A., Iqbal, J., Li, S., Chai, J., Farooq, M.A. and Parkash, A., 2022. Evolution Mechanism of Arsenic Enrichment in Groundwater and Associated Health Risks in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 3325.
Bortey-Sam, N., Nakayama, S.M.M., Ikenaka, Y., Akoto, O., Baidoo, E., Yohannes, Y.B., Mizukawa, H. and Ishizuka, M., 2015. Human health risks from metals and metalloid via consumption of food animals near gold mines in Tarkwa, Ghana: Estimation of the daily intakes and target hazard quotients (THQs). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 111, 160–167.
Chakraborty, M., Sarkar, S., Mukherjee, A., Shamsudduha, M., Ahmed, K.M., Bhattacharya, A. and Mitra, A., 2020. Modeling regional-scale groundwater arsenic hazard in the transboundary Ganges River Delta, India and Bangladesh: Infusing physically-based model with machine learning. Science of The Total Environment, 748, 141107.
Cui, Y.X., Dong, L., Zhang, M., Liu, Y.N., Chen, Y.H., Jia, M.Z., Chen, K.P., Wang, H., Shi, Y.W., Ma, T.U. and Chen, J.H., 2023. Long-term exposure to arsenic in drinking water leads to myocardial damage by oxidative stress and reduction in NO. Toxicology, 492, 153529
Custodio, M., Cuadrado, W., Penaloza, R., Montalvo, R., Ochoa, S. and Quispe, J., 2020. Human Risk from Exposure to Heavy Metals and Arsenic in Water from Rivers with Mining Influence in the Central Andes of Peru. Water, 12, 1946
Dilpazeer, F., Munir, M., Baloch, M.Y.J., Shafiq, I., Iqbal, J., Saeed, M., Abbas, M.M., Shafique, S., Aziz, K.H.H., Mustafa, A. and Mahboob, I., 2023. A Comprehensive Review of the Latest Advancements in Controlling Arsenic Contaminants in Groundwater. Water, 15, 3, 478.
El-Ghiaty, M.A. and El-Kadi, A.O.S., 2023. The Duality of Arsenic Metabolism: Impact on Human Health. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 63, 341-358.
IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2012. Arsenic, metals, fibres, and dusts. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to human, 100C, 1–526
Ihedioha, J.N., Ukoha, P.O. and Ekere, N.R., 2017. Ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in soil of a municipal solid waste dump in Uyo, Nigeria. Environmental Geochemical Health, 39, 497–515.
Kumar, A., Rahman, S., Iqubal, A., Ali, M., Kumar, P.N., Anand, G., Kumar, P. and Kumar Ghosh, A.A., 2016. Ground Water Arsenic Contamination: A Local Survey in India. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 7,100.
Liu, Q., Lu, X., Peng, H., Popowich, A., Tao, J., Uppal, J.S., Yan, X., Boe, D. and Le, X.C., 2018. Speciation of arsenic—A review of phenylarsenicals and related arsenic metabolites. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 104, 171–182.
Modabberi, S., 2004. Environmental geochemistry and trace element anomaly in the Takab area and their impact on the Zarrineh Roud reservoir dam, with special reference to Zarshuran deposit. PhD thesis, Shiraz University, 222.
Ngole-Jeme, V.M. and Fantke, P., 2017. Ecological and human health risks associated with abandoned gold mine tailings contaminated soil. Mine tailings and environmental contamination, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172517.g002.
Odukoya, A.M., Olobaniyi, S.B. and Abdussalam, M., 2016. Metal pollution and health risk assessment of soil within an urban industrial estate, Southwest Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science, 18, 2, 573-83.
Othman, F., Chowdhury, M.S.U., Wan Jaafar, W.Z., Faresh, E.M.M. and Shirazi, S.M., 2018. Assessing risk and sources of heavy metals in a tropical river basin: A case study of the Selangor river, Malaysia. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 27, 1659–1672.
Rahimsouri, Y., Yaghubpur, A. and Modabberi S., 2013. Geochemical distribution of arsenic, antimony and mercury in surface waters and bed sediments from Aq-Darreh river, Takab, northwest Iran Journal of Environmental Research and Management, 4, 3,0197-0208.
Samadzadeh Yazdi, M.R., Tavakoli Mohammadi, M.R. and Khodadadi Darban, A., 2013. Predicting arsenic behavior in the wastewater of Mouteh Gold Plant: geochemical modeling. Journal of Mining & Environment, 4, 1, 57-65.
Shahid, M., Dumat, C., Niazi, N.K., Khalid, S. and Natasha, 2018. Global scale arsenic pollution : increase the scientific knowledge to reduce human exposure. Vertigo, 31, https://doi.org/10.4000/vertigo.21331
Shaji, E., Santosh, M., Sarath, K.V., Prakash, P., Deepchand, V. and Divya, B.V., 2021. Arsenic contamination of groundwater: A global synopsis with focus on the Indian Peninsula. Geoscience Frontiers, 12, 3, 101079.
Sharifi, R., Moore, F. and Keshavarzi, B., 2016. Mobility and chemical fate of arsenic and antimony in water and sediments of Sarouq River catchment, Takab geothermal field, northwest Iran. Journal of Environmental Management, V. 170, 136-144.
Shil, S. and Singh, U.K., 2019. Health risk assessment and spatial variations of dissolved heavy metals and metalloids in a tropical river basin system. Ecological Indicators, 106, 105455.
Smedley, P.L. and Kinniburgh, D.G., 2002. A review of the source, behavior and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Apply of Geochemistry, 17, 517-568.
USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2011. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Volume I: (Part A: Human Health Evaluation Manual; Part E, Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment; Part F, Supplemental Guidance for Inhalation Risk Assessment).
USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2010. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Volume 1, Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A). USEPA Office of Emergency and Remedial Response.
Weerasundara, L., Ok, Y.S. and Bundschuh, J., 2021. Selective removal of arsenic in water: A critical review. Environmental pollution, 268, 115668.
WHO, 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 4th ed.; Geneva, Switzerland, 398.
Xiao, J., Wang, L., Deng, L. and Jin, Z., 2019. Characteristics, sources, water quality and health risk assessment of trace elements in river water and well water in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2004–2012.