The geometric analysis of Burkh Anticline, the southeastern of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt
Subject Areas :
Keywords: Vertical and horizontal closure Burkh anticline, Geometric analysis Zagros fold-thrust belt Dehram group. ,
Abstract :
Burkh anticline with the WNW-ESE trending is located in southeastern part of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt and 40 km to the north of Bastak in the Fars zone. In this paper, based on the field data, satellite images and construction of the seven structural cross sections, structural geometry of the Burkh anticline is presented. Presence of the Precambrian- Cambrian of the Hormoz salt Formation as a basic detachment layer decouple the folded sedimentary cover from basement. Structural data show that the Burkh anticline is a detachment, buckle, asymmetrical and disharmonic fold. For describing tightness geometry of the fold, the term “open” is suggested. Field study and structural cross sections show that the Dashtak Formation as a middle detachment layer is the controlling factor for development of small-scale folding. Based on top of the Dehram Group underground contour map, vertical closure about 1000 m and horizontal closure of 200 km2 were calculated.
References:
افروغ، ع.، رمضانی اومالی، ر.، حافظی مقدس، ن.، جهانی، س و نوحه¬گر، ا.، 1390. تحلیل هندسی تاقدیس بورخ در زاگرس چین¬خورده-رانده و برآورد بستگی قائم و افقی گروه دهرم آن. مجموعه مقالات سی امین گردهمایی علوم زمین، سازمان زمین شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور.
یساقی، ع و باقری، ج.، 1385. تحليل ساختاري تاقديس دهنو، شاهدي از اثر گسلهاي عرضي- برشي زير سطحي بر هندسه چينهاي زاگرس چين خورده- رانده، فصلنامه علوم زمین، 62، 14-29.
Alavi, M., 1994. Tectonics of the Zagros orogenic belt of Iran: new data and interpretations. Tectonophysics, 229, 211 238.
Bahroudi, A. and Koyi, H.A., 2003. Effect of spatial distribution of Hormoz salt on deformation style in the Zagros fold and thrust belt: an analogue modeling approach. Journal of the Geological Society, 160, 719-735.
Berberian, M and King, G.C.P., 1981. Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 12, 210 265.
Berberian, M., 1995. Master “blind” thrust faults hidden under the Zagros folds; active basement tectonics and surface morphotectonics. Tectonophysics 241, 193 – 224.
Bordenave, M. L. and Hegre, J. A., 2012. Current distribution of oil and gas fields in the Zagros Fold Belt of Iran and contiguous offshore as the result of the petroleum systems. Geological Society, Special Publications, 330, 291–353.
Boyer, S.E., 1986. Styles of folding within thrust sheets: examples from the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains of the USA and Canada. Journal of Structural Geology, 8, 325-339.
Burbank, D.W., McLean, J.K., Bullen, M., Abdrakhmatov, K.Y and Miller, M.M., 1999. Partitioning of intermontane basins by thrust-related folding, Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan. Basin Research, 11, 75-92.
Calamita, F., Pace, P and Satolli, S., 2012. Coexistence of fault-propagation and fault-bend folding in curve-shaped foreland fold-and-thrust belts: examples from the Northern Apennines (Italy). Terra Nova, 24, 396-406.
Callot, JP., Jahani, S. and Letouzey, J., 2007. The Role of Pre-Existing Diapirs in Fold and Thrust Belt Development. In: O. Lacombe, J. Lavé, F. Roure and J. Vergés, eds., Thrust Belt and Foreland Basin, Springer 307-323.
Carruba, S., Perotti, C., Buonaguro, R., Calabrò, R., Carpi, R. and Naini, M., 2006. Structural pattern of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt in the Dezful Embayment (SW Iran) Special Paper 414: Styles of Continental Contraction, Article: 11–32.
Colman-Sadd, S.P. 1978. Fold Development In Zagros Simply Folded Belt, Southwest Iran. American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Bull, 62, 984-1003.
Cotton, J.T and Koyi, H.A., 2000. Modeling of thrust fronts above ductile and frictional decollemets: Application to structures in the Salt Range and Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. Geological Society of American Bulletin, 112, 351-363.
Dahlstrom, C. D. A., 1990. Geometric constraints derived from the law of conservation of volume and applied to evolutionary models for detachment folding. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 74, 336-344.
Delcaillau, B., Deffontaines, B., Floissac, L., Angelier, J., Deramond, J., Souquet, P., Chu, H.T and Lee, J.F., 1998. Morphotectonic evidence from lateral propagation of an active frontal fold; Pakuashan anticline, foothills of Taiwan. Geomorphology, 24, 263-290.
Emami, H., 2008. Freland propagation folding and structure of the mountain front flexture in the Pusht-E Kuh arc (NW) Zagros, Iran. Ph. D Thesis, Barcelona University.
Erslev, E.A and Mayborn, K.R., 1997. Multiple geometries and modes of fault-propagation folding in the Canadian thrust belt. Journal of Structural Geology, 19, 321-335.
Falcon, N. L., 1969. Problems of the relationship between surface structures and deepdisplacements illustrated by the Zagros range. In: Kent, P., Satterhwaite, G. E. andSpencer, A. M., (Eds), Time and place in orogeny. Special Publication, Geological Society, London, 03, 9-22 .
Farzipour-Saein, A., Yassaghi, A., Sherkati, S., and Koyi, H., 2009a. Mechanical stratigraphy and folding style of the Lurestanregion in the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt, Iran. Journl of Geological Society., 166, 1101-1115.
Ford, M., Williams, E.A., Artoni, A., Vergés, J and Hardy, S., 1997. Progressive evolution of a fault-related fold pair from growth strata geometries, Sant Llorenc de Morunys, SE Pyrenees. Journal of Structural Geology, 19, 413-441.
Homza, T.X. and Wallace, W.K., 1995. Geometric and kinematic models for detachment folds with fixed and variable detachment depths. Journal of Structural Geology, V 17, 575-587.
Jahani, S., 2008. Salt tectonics, folding and faulting in the Eastern Fars and southern offshore provinces (Iran). Ph. D. thesis, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, France, 215.
Jamison, W.R., 1987- Geometric analysis of fold devolopment in overthrust terranes. Journal of Structural Geology, V. 9, 207-219.
Kent, P.E., 1979. The emergent Hormuz salt diapirs of southern Iran, Journal of Petroleum Geology, 2, 117-144.
McClay, K.R., 2000. Advanced Structural Geology for Petroleum Exploration, 503.
Mitchell, M. M. and Woodward, N.B., 1988. Kink Detachment folds in the southwestern Montana fold and thrust belt. Geology, 16, 162-165.
Mitra, S., 1990. Fault Propagation folds: Geometry kinematic evolution and hydrocarbon traps. AAPG Bulletin, 74, 921-945.
Mitra, S., 2003. A unified kinematic model for the evolution of detachment folds, Journal of Structural Geology 25,1659-1673.
Molinaro, M., Leturmy, P., Guezou, J. C and Frizon de Lamotte, D., 2005. The structure and kinematics of the south-east Zagros fold-thrust belt; Iran: from thin-skinned to thick-skinned tectonics. Tectonics, 24, 1-19.
Motamedi, H., Sherkati, S. and Sepehr, M., 2012. Structural style variation and its impact on hydrocarbon traps in central Fars, Southern Zagros, 37, 124-133.
O’Brien, C.A.E. 1950. Tectonic problems of the oil field belt of southwest Iran.18th International Geological Congress, London, 45-58.
O’Brien, C. A. E., 1957 .Salt diapirism in south Persia. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 19, 357-376.
Poblt, J.A. and McClay, K.R., 1996. Geometry and Kinematic of single layer detachment folds. AAPG Bulletin, 80, 1085-1109.
Sarkarinejad, K and Azizi, A., 2008. Slip partitioning and inclined dextral transpression along the Zagros Thrust System, Iran. Journal of Structural Geololgy, 30, 116–136.
Sattarzadeh, Y., Cosgrove, J.W., Vita-Finzi, C., 2000. The interplay of faulting and folding during the evolution of the Zagros deformation belt. In: Cosgrove, J.W., Ameen, M.S. (Eds.), Forced Folds and Fractures Special Publication. Geological Society, London, 169, 187–196.
Sepehr, M. and Cosgrove, J.W and 2005. Role of the Kazerun fault zone, in the formation and deformation of the Zagros fold thrust belt, Iran. Tectonics, 24. TC5005, doi.org/10.1029/2004TC001725.
Setudehnia, A., 1978. The Mesozoic sequence in southwest Iran and adjacent area. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 1 (1), 3-42.
Sherkati, S. and Letouzey, J., 2004. Variation of structural style and basin evolution in the central Zagros (Izeh zone and Dezful Embayment), Iran. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 21, (5), 535-554.
Sherkati, S., Molinaro, M., Frizon de Lamotte, D., and Letouzey, J., 2005. Detachment folding in the central and eastern fold-belt (Iran): Salt mobility, multiple detachments and late basement control. Journal of Structural Geology, 27, 1-17.
Sherkati, S., Letouzey, J. and Frizon de Lamotte, D., 2006. The Central Zagros fold-thrust belt (Iran): New insights from seismic data, field observation and sandbox modeling. Tectonics, 25, TC4007, doi: 10.1029/2004TC001766.
Stocklin, J., 1968. Structural history and tectonics of Iran. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 52, 1229-1258.
Suppe, J., 1983. Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding. American Journal of Science, 283, 684-721.
Suppe, J. and Medwedeff, D.A., 1990. Geometry and kinematics of fault-propagation folding. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 83, 409-454.
Szabo, F. and Kheradpir, A., 1978. Permian and Triassic stratigraphy, Zagros basin, south-west Iran. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 1, 57 – 82.
Talbot, C.J. and Alavi, M., 1996. The past of a future syntaxis across the Zagros, In: Alsop, G.I., Blunderll, D.J., Davidson, I. (Eds), Salt Tectonics. Geological Society of London Special Publication, 100, 89-109.
Tavarnelli, E., 1997. Structural evolution of a foreland fold-and-thrust belt: the Umbria-Marche Apennines, Italy. Journal of Structural Geology, 19 (3-4), 523-534.
Thorbjornsen, K. L. and Dunne, W. M., 1997. Origin of Thrust-Related Fold: Geometric vs Kinematic. Journal of Structural Geology, 19, 303-319.
Tozer, R.S.J., Butler, R.W.H., Corrado, S., 2002. Comparing thin- and thick-skinned tectonic models of the Central Apennines, Italy. EGU Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series 1, 181-194.
Vann, I.R., Graham, R.H., and Hayward, A.B., 1986. The structure of mountain fronts. Journal of Structural Geology, 8, 215-227.
Vergés, J., Goodarzi, M. G. H., Emami, H., Karpuz, R., Efstathiou, J. and Gillespie, P., 2011. Multiple detachment folding in Pusht-e Kuh arc, Zagros: Role of mechanical Stratigraphy. In: Mc Clay, K., Shaw, J.H. and Suppe, J. (Eds) Thrust fault-related folding: AAPG Memoir, 94, 69 – 94.
افروغ، ع.، رمضانی اومالی، ر.، حافظی مقدس، ن.، جهانی، س و نوحه¬گر، ا.، 1390. تحلیل هندسی تاقدیس بورخ در زاگرس چین¬خورده-رانده و برآورد بستگی قائم و افقی گروه دهرم آن. مجموعه مقالات سی امین گردهمایی علوم زمین، سازمان زمین شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور.
یساقی، ع و باقری، ج.، 1385. تحليل ساختاري تاقديس دهنو، شاهدي از اثر گسلهاي عرضي- برشي زير سطحي بر هندسه چينهاي زاگرس چين خورده- رانده، فصلنامه علوم زمین، 62، 14-29.
Alavi, M., 1994. Tectonics of the Zagros orogenic belt of Iran: new data and interpretations. Tectonophysics, 229, 211 238.
Bahroudi, A. and Koyi, H.A., 2003. Effect of spatial distribution of Hormoz salt on deformation style in the Zagros fold and thrust belt: an analogue modeling approach. Journal of the Geological Society, 160, 719-735.
Berberian, M and King, G.C.P., 1981. Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 12, 210 265.
Berberian, M., 1995. Master “blind” thrust faults hidden under the Zagros folds; active basement tectonics and surface morphotectonics. Tectonophysics 241, 193 – 224.
Bordenave, M. L. and Hegre, J. A., 2012. Current distribution of oil and gas fields in the Zagros Fold Belt of Iran and contiguous offshore as the result of the petroleum systems. Geological Society, Special Publications, 330, 291–353.
Boyer, S.E., 1986. Styles of folding within thrust sheets: examples from the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains of the USA and Canada. Journal of Structural Geology, 8, 325-339.
Burbank, D.W., McLean, J.K., Bullen, M., Abdrakhmatov, K.Y and Miller, M.M., 1999. Partitioning of intermontane basins by thrust-related folding, Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan. Basin Research, 11, 75-92.
Calamita, F., Pace, P and Satolli, S., 2012. Coexistence of fault-propagation and fault-bend folding in curve-shaped foreland fold-and-thrust belts: examples from the Northern Apennines (Italy). Terra Nova, 24, 396-406.
Callot, JP., Jahani, S. and Letouzey, J., 2007. The Role of Pre-Existing Diapirs in Fold and Thrust Belt Development. In: O. Lacombe, J. Lavé, F. Roure and J. Vergés, eds., Thrust Belt and Foreland Basin, Springer 307-323.
Carruba, S., Perotti, C., Buonaguro, R., Calabrò, R., Carpi, R. and Naini, M., 2006. Structural pattern of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt in the Dezful Embayment (SW Iran) Special Paper 414: Styles of Continental Contraction, Article: 11–32.
Colman-Sadd, S.P. 1978. Fold Development In Zagros Simply Folded Belt, Southwest Iran. American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Bull, 62, 984-1003.
Cotton, J.T and Koyi, H.A., 2000. Modeling of thrust fronts above ductile and frictional decollemets: Application to structures in the Salt Range and Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. Geological Society of American Bulletin, 112, 351-363.
Dahlstrom, C. D. A., 1990. Geometric constraints derived from the law of conservation of volume and applied to evolutionary models for detachment folding. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 74, 336-344.
Delcaillau, B., Deffontaines, B., Floissac, L., Angelier, J., Deramond, J., Souquet, P., Chu, H.T and Lee, J.F., 1998. Morphotectonic evidence from lateral propagation of an active frontal fold; Pakuashan anticline, foothills of Taiwan. Geomorphology, 24, 263-290.
Emami, H., 2008. Freland propagation folding and structure of the mountain front flexture in the Pusht-E Kuh arc (NW) Zagros, Iran. Ph. D Thesis, Barcelona University.
Erslev, E.A and Mayborn, K.R., 1997. Multiple geometries and modes of fault-propagation folding in the Canadian thrust belt. Journal of Structural Geology, 19, 321-335.
Falcon, N. L., 1969. Problems of the relationship between surface structures and deepdisplacements illustrated by the Zagros range. In: Kent, P., Satterhwaite, G. E. andSpencer, A. M., (Eds), Time and place in orogeny. Special Publication, Geological Society, London, 03, 9-22 .
Farzipour-Saein, A., Yassaghi, A., Sherkati, S., and Koyi, H., 2009a. Mechanical stratigraphy and folding style of the Lurestanregion in the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt, Iran. Journl of Geological Society., 166, 1101-1115.
Ford, M., Williams, E.A., Artoni, A., Vergés, J and Hardy, S., 1997. Progressive evolution of a fault-related fold pair from growth strata geometries, Sant Llorenc de Morunys, SE Pyrenees. Journal of Structural Geology, 19, 413-441.
Homza, T.X. and Wallace, W.K., 1995. Geometric and kinematic models for detachment folds with fixed and variable detachment depths. Journal of Structural Geology, V 17, 575-587.
Jahani, S., 2008. Salt tectonics, folding and faulting in the Eastern Fars and southern offshore provinces (Iran). Ph. D. thesis, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, France, 215.
Jamison, W.R., 1987- Geometric analysis of fold devolopment in overthrust terranes. Journal of Structural Geology, V. 9, 207-219.
Kent, P.E., 1979. The emergent Hormuz salt diapirs of southern Iran, Journal of Petroleum Geology, 2, 117-144.
McClay, K.R., 2000. Advanced Structural Geology for Petroleum Exploration, 503.
Mitchell, M. M. and Woodward, N.B., 1988. Kink Detachment folds in the southwestern Montana fold and thrust belt. Geology, 16, 162-165.
Mitra, S., 1990. Fault Propagation folds: Geometry kinematic evolution and hydrocarbon traps. AAPG Bulletin, 74, 921-945.
Mitra, S., 2003. A unified kinematic model for the evolution of detachment folds, Journal of Structural Geology 25,1659-1673.
Molinaro, M., Leturmy, P., Guezou, J. C and Frizon de Lamotte, D., 2005. The structure and kinematics of the south-east Zagros fold-thrust belt; Iran: from thin-skinned to thick-skinned tectonics. Tectonics, 24, 1-19.
Motamedi, H., Sherkati, S. and Sepehr, M., 2012. Structural style variation and its impact on hydrocarbon traps in central Fars, Southern Zagros, 37, 124-133.
O’Brien, C.A.E. 1950. Tectonic problems of the oil field belt of southwest Iran.18th International Geological Congress, London, 45-58.
O’Brien, C. A. E., 1957 .Salt diapirism in south Persia. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 19, 357-376.
Poblt, J.A. and McClay, K.R., 1996. Geometry and Kinematic of single layer detachment folds. AAPG Bulletin, 80, 1085-1109.
Sarkarinejad, K and Azizi, A., 2008. Slip partitioning and inclined dextral transpression along the Zagros Thrust System, Iran. Journal of Structural Geololgy, 30, 116–136.
Sattarzadeh, Y., Cosgrove, J.W., Vita-Finzi, C., 2000. The interplay of faulting and folding during the evolution of the Zagros deformation belt. In: Cosgrove, J.W., Ameen, M.S. (Eds.), Forced Folds and Fractures Special Publication. Geological Society, London, 169, 187–196.
Sepehr, M. and Cosgrove, J.W and 2005. Role of the Kazerun fault zone, in the formation and deformation of the Zagros fold thrust belt, Iran. Tectonics, 24. TC5005, doi.org/10.1029/2004TC001725.
Setudehnia, A., 1978. The Mesozoic sequence in southwest Iran and adjacent area. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 1 (1), 3-42.
Sherkati, S. and Letouzey, J., 2004. Variation of structural style and basin evolution in the central Zagros (Izeh zone and Dezful Embayment), Iran. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 21, (5), 535-554.
Sherkati, S., Molinaro, M., Frizon de Lamotte, D., and Letouzey, J., 2005. Detachment folding in the central and eastern fold-belt (Iran): Salt mobility, multiple detachments and late basement control. Journal of Structural Geology, 27, 1-17.
Sherkati, S., Letouzey, J. and Frizon de Lamotte, D., 2006. The Central Zagros fold-thrust belt (Iran): New insights from seismic data, field observation and sandbox modeling. Tectonics, 25, TC4007, doi: 10.1029/2004TC001766.
Stocklin, J., 1968. Structural history and tectonics of Iran. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 52, 1229-1258.
Suppe, J., 1983. Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding. American Journal of Science, 283, 684-721.
Suppe, J. and Medwedeff, D.A., 1990. Geometry and kinematics of fault-propagation folding. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 83, 409-454.
Szabo, F. and Kheradpir, A., 1978. Permian and Triassic stratigraphy, Zagros basin, south-west Iran. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 1, 57 – 82.
Talbot, C.J. and Alavi, M., 1996. The past of a future syntaxis across the Zagros, In: Alsop, G.I., Blunderll, D.J., Davidson, I. (Eds), Salt Tectonics. Geological Society of London Special Publication, 100, 89-109.
Tavarnelli, E., 1997. Structural evolution of a foreland fold-and-thrust belt: the Umbria-Marche Apennines, Italy. Journal of Structural Geology, 19 (3-4), 523-534.
Thorbjornsen, K. L. and Dunne, W. M., 1997. Origin of Thrust-Related Fold: Geometric vs Kinematic. Journal of Structural Geology, 19, 303-319.
Tozer, R.S.J., Butler, R.W.H., Corrado, S., 2002. Comparing thin- and thick-skinned tectonic models of the Central Apennines, Italy. EGU Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series 1, 181-194.
Vann, I.R., Graham, R.H., and Hayward, A.B., 1986. The structure of mountain fronts. Journal of Structural Geology, 8, 215-227.
Vergés, J., Goodarzi, M. G. H., Emami, H., Karpuz, R., Efstathiou, J. and Gillespie, P., 2011. Multiple detachment folding in Pusht-e Kuh arc, Zagros: Role of mechanical Stratigraphy. In: Mc Clay, K., Shaw, J.H. and Suppe, J. (Eds) Thrust fault-related folding: AAPG Memoir, 94, 69 – 94.