Paleoclimatic and paleogeographic signatures in the upper Triassic beds of Shemshak group in Central Alborz
Subject Areas :Mohammad Reza Naiji 1 , Iraj Maghfori-Moghaddam 2 , Mahboubeh Hooseni-barzi 3 , Bahman Soleimany 4
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
Keywords: Modal analysis, Alborz, Late Triassic, Eurasian plants, Hygrophytic ,
Abstract :
Late Triassic deposits of Shemshak Group in Emarat section at about 30 km south of Amol and Emamzadeh Hashem section and about 50km north east of Tehran in Central Alborz have been studied for some paleoclimatic and paleogeographic indicators. The data used in this study include: 10 point counting of sandstones, 13 main oxide analyses, 8 species of plant fossils and 4 genuses of palinomorphs. Lithological and geochemical data were restricted to the Late Triassic deposits. Important events of the Late Triassic such as: Late Norian and Middle Rhaetian droughts were revealed by the presence of gypsum beds. This study indicates that lithological signatures are clearly consistent with the mentioned global event and this tracer can be a good basis for controlling other age-related paleontological data. Comparison of the Alborz and Siberian plant fossils indicated that the study area did not have significant differences compared to more northern regions such as Siberia. The investigated palinomorphs indicated that most of them are hygrophytic and mesophytic and some of them had more well-known origin which belonged to some ferns. The point counting data revealed that the source area of the sediments experienced dry to semi-humid climates. This study also confirms that the Alborz region was part of Eurasia, due to the Eo-Cimmerian orogenic event based on recognized plant fossils.
آقانباتی،ع.، 1388. فرهنگ چینهشناسی تریاس، جلد سوم ،سازمان زمینشناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور،727.
- دبیری، ا.، 1380. پالینواستراتیگرافی نهشتههای تریاس پسین (قاعده گروه شمشک) در البرز شمالی، پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد، پژوهشکده علوم زمین،سازمان زمینشناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور،161.
- سجادي، ف. و حكيمي تهراني، ز.، 1388. پالئواکولوژی سازند شمشک بر اساس پالینومورفها در برش چینهشناسی خوش ییلاق، شمال شرق شاهرود، دوره 25، 2، 65-86.
- سعادت نژاد، ج.، 1381. مطالعه پالئوبوتانی رسوبات معادل گروه شمشک در مناطق رامسر- جواهرده و اشکورات علیا، پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه تهران، 555.
- سعادت نژاد، ج.، 1386. معرفي دو گونه از ماکرو فسیلهای گياهي گروه بازدانگان )راسته بنتيتالها( براي نخستين بار از ايران،علوم زمین، سال شانزدهم، 64، 165-158.
-سعادت نژاد، ج.، قادري، ع. و نعيمي قصابيان، ن.،1388 . مطالعه و معرفي ماکرو فسیلهای گياهي توآرسين ـ باژوسين منطقة گراخك ـ شانديز، شمال خاور ايران، رخسارههای رسوبی، دوره دوم، 2، 173-203.
- علي خاصي، ع. م.، حسيني برزي، م . و شادان، م.، 1390. محيط رسوبي و برخاستگاه ماسهسنگهای سازند آب حاجي در برشهای چشمه بخشي و سرتخت شتران، بلوک کلمرد، ايران مرکزي،علوم زمين، دوره21، 82، 242 -231.
- علیزاده صوری، ف.، 1391. تعیین فرگشت ساختاری گروه شمشک از تریاس پایانی تا ژوراسیک میانی دره بلده (سلسله جبال البرز، شمال ایران) بر پایه مطالعات تنش دیرینه،دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود.پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد،315.
- مهدی زاده، ا.، واعظ جوادی، ف.، عاشوری، ع. و قادری، ع.، 1397. زیست چینه نگاری سازند هجدک در منطقه کالشور، جنوب غرب طبس بر مبنای ماکرو فسیلهای گیاهی و تحلیل آبوهوای دیرینه، علوم زمین خوارزمی، جلد4، 2، 240-213..
- نبوی، م. ح.، 1355. دیپاچه ای بر زمینشناسی ایران، سازمان زمینشناسی کشور، مصور، نقشه، 109.
- واعظ جوادی، ف. و پرواسیده، ا.، 1393. ماکروفسیلهای گیاهی معدن زغالسنگ تخت مینودشت، تعیین سن و بررسی فراوانی نسبی و اندکس سورنسون فلور آن و مقایسه با سایر فلوریزونهای ایران و اوراسیا، پژوهشهای چینه نگاری و رسوبشناسی، سال30، 4، 86-59.
-Abbink, O.A., Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert J.H.A. and Visscher H., 2004. A sporomorph ecogroup model for the Northwest European Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous: concepts and framework. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences/Geologie en Mijnbouw, 83,17–38.
-Allen, M.B., Ghassemi, M.R., Shahrabi, M. and Qorashi, M., 2003. Accommodation of Late Cenozoic oblique shortening in the Alborz range, northern Iran. Journal of structural geology 25,5, 659-672
-Arjang, B., 1975. The Rhaetian-Jurassic flora of Iran and Afghanistan. 1. The microflora of the Rhaetian-Jurassic depositsof the Kerman Basin (Central Iran).
-Ash, S.R., 1969. Ferns from the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) in the Fort Wingate area, New Mexico. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 613D, 1–40.
-Ash, S.R. and Basinger, J.F., 1991. A high latitude Upper Triassic flora from the Heiberg Formation, Sverdrup Basin, Arctic Archipelago. Contribution to Candian Paleontology, Geological Survey of Canada Bulletine, 412,101–131.
-Assereto, R., 1966. The Jurassic shemshak Formation in central Elburz (Iran). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 72,1133-1182.
-Assereto, R., Barnard P.D.W. and Fantini Sestini, N., 1968. Jurassic stratigraphy of the Central Elburz (Iran). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia,74(1),3-21.
-Alavi, M. and Barale, G., 1970. Étude preliminaire de la flore de la Formation de Shemshak dans la region de Djam (Iran).Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Lyon 39,8, 241–252.
-Barbacka, M., Kustatscher, E. and Bodor, E.R., 2019. Ferns of the Lower Jurassic from the Mecsek Mountains (Hungary): taxonomy and palaeoecology,PalZ (Paläontologische Zeitschrift),93,151-158.
-Badihagh, M.T. and Uhl, D., 2019.The first occurrence of Phlebopteris dunkeriand P. woodwardii (Matoniaceae) from the middle Jurassic of Iran, Journal of Palaeogeography,8(1),1-10.
-Berchtold, F.W., Von, H. and Presl, J.S., 1820. O přirozenosti Rostlin. Krause, Prague.
-Berra, F., Jadoul, F. and Anelli, A., 2010. Environmental control on the end of the Dolomia Principale/Hauptdolomit depositional system in the central Alps: coupling sea level and climate changes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,290, 138–150.
-Bower, F.O., 1908. The origin of a land flora. Macmillan, London, xi+727.
-Braun, C.F.W., 1843. Beiträge zur Urgeschichte der Pflanzen. Beiträge zur Petrefacten-Kunde, 6(7),1-46.
-Bragin, N., Jahanbakhsh, F., Golubev, S.A. and Badovnikov, G., 1976. Stratigraphy of the Triassic- Jurassic coal-bearing deposits of Alborz. Unpublished technical report, National Iranian Steel corporation,1-51.
-Brongniart, A., 1828-1838. Histoire des végétaux fossiles, ou recherches botaniques et géologiqes sur les végétaux renfermés dans les diverses couches du globe. V. 1- (1828-1837): XII + 488 p; V. 2- (1837-1838),P.72.
-Brongniart, A., 1849. Tableau des genres de veg´ etaux fossiles consid ´ er´ es sous ´ le point de vue de leur classification botanique et de leur distribution geologique. Paris, 127.
-Cartier, E. T., 1971. Die Geologie des unteren ChalusTals, Zentral Alborz/Iran. Mitteilungen aus dem GeologischenInstitut der ETH und Universita Zurich,Neue Folge, 164.
-Cirilli, S., Buratti, N., Senowbari-Daryan, B. and Fürsich, F., 2005. Stratigraphy and palynology of the Upper Triassic Nayband Formation of East-Central Iran. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia,111,259-270.
-Coulter, J.M. and Chamberlain, C.J., 1910. Morphology of the gymnosperms. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
-Dobruskina ,I.A., 1994. Triassic Floras of Eurasia. Österr Akad Wissensch, Schriftenreihe Erdwiss Kommiss,10,1–422.
-Dumortier, B.C.J., 1829. Analyse des familles des plantes, avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent Tournay: J. Casterman aîné. P. 11.Available at the Biodiversity Heritage Library.
-El Noamani, Z.M., 2018. Reconstruction of Paleovegetation and Paleoecology from the Early Cretaceous Sporomorphs of Bougaz-1 well, northeast Sinai, Egypt, Egyptian Journal of Botany, 58(3), 397 – 409.
-Engler, A., 1892. Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle undmedicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik, – XXIII + 184 p. Berlin (Borntraeger).
-Fakhar, M.S., 1977. Contribution a`I etude de la flore rheto-liasique de la formation de Shemshak de I Elbourz, Iran. Comite des travaux historiques et scientifiques, Memoires de la Section des Sciences,5, 9–284.
-Fantini Sestini, N., 1966. The geology of the upper Djadjerud and Lar valleys (North Iran); II, Palaeontology: Upper Liassic molluscs from Shemshak Formation. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 72,795–842.
-Foulger, G.R., 2010. Plates vs. Plumes: A geological controversy. Wiley-Blackwell, paperback: 364 pages, ISBN 978-1-4051-6148-0
-Fürsich, F.T., Wilmsen, M., Seyed-Emami, K. and Majidifard, M.R., 2009. Lithostratigraphy of the Upper Triassic–Middle Jurassic Shemshak Group of Northern Iran. Geological Society of London,Special Publications, 312(1),129-160.
-Ghasemi-Nejad, E., Agha-Nabati, A. and Dabiri, O., 2004. Late Triassic dinoflagellate cysts from the base of the Shemshak Group in north of Alborz Mountains,Iran. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology,132, 207–217.
-Goeppert, H. R.,1862. On the occurrence of Liassic plants in the Albours (Elbourz) Range, Persia. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London,18, 17.
-Golonka, J., Embry, A. and Krobicki, M., 2018. Late Triassic Global Plate Tectonics, in: L.H. Tanner (ed.), The Late Triassic World, Topics in Geobiology 46, Springer International Publishing AG
-Götz, A.E., Ruckwied, K. and Barbacka, M., 2011. Palaeoenvironment of the Late Triassic (Rhaetian) and Early Jurassic (Hettangian) Mecsek Coal Formation (south Hungary): implications from macroand microfloral assemblages, Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments,91,75–88.
-Hallam, A., 1985. A review of Mesozoic climates. Journal of Geological Society, 142,433–445.
-Haas, J., Budai, T. and Raucsik, B., 2012. Climatic controls on sedimentary environments in the Triassic of the Transdanubian Range (Western Hungary). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatatology, Palaeoecology,353-355, 31–44.
-Harris, T.M., 1961. The Yorkshire Jurassic Flora, I. Thallophyta-Pteridophyta. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212.
-Harris, T.M., Millington W. asnd Miller J., 1974. The Yorkshire Jurassic Flora IV–1.Ginkgoales, 2.Czekanowskiales.British Museum (Natural History), London, 150 .
-Hashemi Azizi, S.H., Rezaee, P., Jafarzadeh, M., Meinhold, G., Moussavi Harami, S.R. and Masoodi, M., 2018. Early Mesozoic sedimentary‒tectonic evolution of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent: Evidence from a provenance study of the Nakhlak Group. Chemie der Erde,78(3),340-355.
-Haq, B., 2018. Triassic Eustatic Variations Reexamined, Geological Society of America Today, 28, December,4-9.
-Heer, O., 1876. Beitrage zur Jura-Flora Ostsibiriens und des Amurlandes Memoir of Academy of Imperial Science of St.Petersbourg,V.7,22,12,P.1-22.
-Huber, H, Eftekhar-Nezhad, J., 1978. Geological Map of lran, six sheets, 1:1 000 000, Tehran: NIOC/GSI
-Ingersoll, R.V., Bullard, T.F., Ford, R. L., Grimm, J.P., Pickle J.D. and Sares, S.W., 1984. The effect of grain size on detrital modes: a test of the Gazzi-Dickinson point-counting method. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 54(1),103-116.
-Kent, D.V. and Olsen, P.E., 2000. Magnetic polarity stratigraphy and paleolatitude of the Triassic Jurassic Blomidon Formation in the Fundy basin (Canada): implications for early Mesozoic tropical climate gradients. Earth Planetary Science Letters, 179, 311–324.
-Kidder, D.L. and Worsley, T.R., 2004. Causes and consequences of extreme Permo–Triassic warming to globally equable climate and relation to Permo–Triassic extinction and recovery. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 203, 207–237.
-Kimyai, A., 1975. Jurassic Palynological Assemblages from the Shahrud Region, Iran.Proceedings of the Annual Meeting.American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists,6, 117.
-Kustatscher, E., Ash, S.R., Karasev, E., Pott, C., Vajda,V., Yu, J.and McLoughlin, S., 2018. Flora of the Late Triassic. In: Tanner L. (eds) The Late Triassic World. Topics in Geobiology, vol 46.Springer International Publishing AG.
-Lorenz, C., 1964. Die Geologie der Oberen Karadj Thales (Zentral Elburz), Iran. Mitt Geological Insttitute of Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Univ, 22, 1–133.
-Lindley, J. and Hutton, W., 1836. Thr Fossile Flora of Great Britain, III, P. 121,PL 194.
-Lebedev, E.L., 1965. Lata Jurassic flora of the Zeya River and the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary (in Russian), Trans ,GIN,125.
-Loope, D.B., Steiner M.B., Rowe C.M and Lancaster, N., 2004. Tropical westerlies over Pangaean sand seas. Sedimentology, 51, 315–322.
-Mazza, M., Furin S., Spötl, C. and Rigo,M., 2010. Generic turnovers of Carnian/Norian conodonts: climatic control or competition? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 290, 120–137.
-Mazzoli, S., Tavai, S., Parente, M., Brivio, L., Dall' igna, M., Biase, D.D. and Minola, M., 2018. An integrated study of petroleum systems in the Zagros Mountains of the Lurestan Province, NW Iran, NIOC-Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II joint study, GR 2444, unpublished.
-McLoughlin, S., Martin, S.K. and Beattie, R., 2015. The record of Australian Jurassic plant-arthropod interactions. Gondwana Research,27,940–959.
-Mirzaei-Ataabadi, M., Djafarian, M. and Mohammadalizadeh, J., 2005. Occurrence of Aninopteris (Matoniaceae) from the middle Jurassic of east Central Iran.Paleobotanist,54, 99–106.
-Moosavirad, S.M., Janardhana, M.R., Sethumadhav, M.S., Moghadam, M.R. and Shankara, M.,2011. Geochemistry of lower Jurassic shales of the Shemshak Formation, Kerman Province, Central Iran: Provenance, source weathering and tectonic setting, Chemie der Erde,71, 279–288.
-Mutti, M. and Weissert, H., 1995. Triassic Monsoonal Climate and its signature in Ladinian—Carnian carbonate platforms (Southern Alps, Italy). Journal of Sedimentary Research,65, 357–367.
-Nathorst, A.G., 1878. Beiträge zur fossilen Flora Schwedens. Über winige fossile Pflanzen von Palsjö in Schonen East Schweiz Verlag, 1-34.
-Nathorst, A.G., 1876. Bidrag till Sveriges fossila flora.Vaxter fran ratiska Formationen vid palsjo I skane, K.Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl,Bd,14,No.3(German edition: Stuttgart 1878)
-Nesbitt, H.W. and Young, G. M., 1982. Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major elemental chemistry of lutites. Nature, 199, 715–717.
-Pant, D.D., 1957. The classification of gymnospermous plants, Paleobotany,6,65-70.
-Phillips, J., 1829. Illustrations of the geology of Yorkshire, or a description of the strata and organic remains of the Yorkshire Coast: Thomas Wilson & sons, York, xvi + 192 .
-Popa, M.E., Javidan, M. and Falahatgar, M., 2012. Klukia Exilis (Philips 1829) Raciborski 1890 Emend. Harris 1961 From Ahan Sar, Shemshak Group, Iran, Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae ,8(1-2),33-41.
-Pott, C., 2007.Cuticular analysis of gymnosperm foliage from the Carnian (Upper Triassic) of Lunz, Lower Austria. PhD thesis, University Münster, 274 .
-Raciborski, M., 1890. Über die Osmundaceen und Schizeaceen der Juraformation. Botanik Jahrbuch, 13,1-9.
-Repin, Y.S., 1987. Stratigraphie and palaeogeography of coal-bearing sediments of Iran.Unpublished Report, National Iranian Steel Company, Tehran, V.1, P.1–326;V. 2, P. 1–198; V.3, 37 plates, (in Persian).
-Robinson, P.L., 1973. Paleoclimatology and continental drift. In: Tarling DH, Runcorn SK (eds)Implications of continental drift to the earth sciences. Academic Press, London, 449 – 476.
-Ruban, D.A., Al-Husseini, M.I. and Iwasaki, Y., 2007. Review of Middle East Paleozoic plate tectonics. Geoarabia-Manama,12(3),35-56.
-Ruckwied, K., Götz, A.E., Pálfy, J. and Török, Á., 2008. Palynology of a terrestrial coal-bearing series across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary(Mecsek Mts., Hungary). Central European Geology, 51,1–15.
-Ruffell, A., Simms, M.J. and Wignall, P.B., 2016. The Carnian Humid Episode of the late Triassic: a review, Geological Magazine, 153(2), 271–284.
-Samylina, V.A., 1970. Ginkgo and Czekanowskiales, Paleontology Journal,V.4(3), P.397-405.
-Sabbaghiyan, H., Ghasemi-Nejad, E.,and Aria-Nasab, R., 2015. Dinoflagellate cysts from the Upper Triassic (Rhaetian) strata of the Tabas Block, East_Central Iran. Geopersia, 5(1), 9-26.
-Salehi, M.A., Mazroei Sebdani, Z., Pakzad, H.R., Bahrami, A., Fürsich, F.T. and Heubeck, C., 2018. Provenance and palaeogeography of uppermost Triassic and Lower Cretaceousterrigenous rocks of central Iran: Reflection of the Cimmerian events, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie abhandlungen,288(1), 49–77.
-Schrank, E. 2011. Pollen and spores from the Tendaguru Beds, Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous of southeast Tanzania: palynostratigraphical and paleoecological implications, Palynology,34(1), 3–42.
-Schweitzer, H.J. and Kirchner, M., 2003. Die rhäto-jurassischen Floren des Iran und Afghanistans: 13. Cycydophyta III. Bennettitales.Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 264, 1–166.
-Seward, A.C., 1900. The Yorkshire Coast, in: The Jurassic flora. I. London,341.
-Seyed-Emami, K., Rsich, F. T., Willmsen, M.,Majidifard, M. R. and Shekarifard, A., 2009. Upper Triassic Cephalopods from the Ekrasar Formation(Shemshak Group) of North Alborz, Iran. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 115(2),189-198.
-Shadan, M. and Hosseini-Barzi,M., 2013. Petrography and geochemistry of the Ab-e-Haji Formation in central Iran: implications for provenance and tectonic setting in the southern part of the Tabasblock, Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geologicas, 30(1),80-95.
-Sharland, P.R., Archer, R., Casey, D.M., Davies, R.B., Hall, S.H.,Heward, A.P., Horury, A.D. and Simmons, M.D., 2001. Arabian Plate Sequence Stratigraphy,” GeoArabia Specific Publications 2, Golf Petrolink, Bahrain, 371.
-Stampfli, G.M., 2000. Tethyan oceans. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 173(1),1-23.
-Stampfli, G.M. and Borel, G.D., 2002. A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,196(1),17-33.
-Suttner, L.J. and Dutta, P.K., 1986. Alluvial sandstone composition and paleoclimate, I. Framework mineralogy, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,56, 329-345.
-Suttner, L.J., Basu, A. and Mack, G.H., 1981. Climate and the origin of quartzarenites, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,51, 1235-1246.
-Tanner, L.H. and Lucas, S.G., 2007. The Moenave Formation: sedimentologic and stratigraphic context of the Triassic–Jurassic boundary in the Four Corners area, southwestern U.S.A. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,244,111–125.
-Tryon, R.M. and Tryon, A.F., 1982. Ferns and Allied Plants with special reference to Tropical America. Harvard University., 857.
-Vaez-Javadi, F., and Mirzaei-Ataabadi, M., 2006. Jurassic plant macrofossils from the Hojedk formation, Kerman area, East-Central Iran.Alcheringa, 30(1), 63–96.
-Vaez Javadi, F., 2014. Triassic and Jurassic Floras and Climate of Central-East Iran." Tehran: Geological Survey Of Iran, Rahi publication.
-Vaez-Javadi, F. and Allameh, M., 2015. Biostratigraphy of the Bazehowz Formation at its Type section, South West Mashhad based on plant macrofossils, Geopersia,5(1),27-44.
-Vaez–Javadi, F. 2018. Middle Jurassic Flora from the Hojedk Formation of Tabas, Central East Iran: Biostratigraphy and Palaeoclimate implications, Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 124(2), 299-316.
-Vaez-Javadi, F. and Abbassi, N., 2018. Middle Jurassic biostratigraphy of plant macro and microfossils in Soltanieh Mountains, south of Zanjan, NW Iran, GEOSCIENCES,106, 91-102.
-Vaez–Javadi, F. and Mirzaie–Ataabadi, M., 2019. Middle Jurassic plant macro and microfossils from Shahreza, South West Isfahan, Central Iran: Palaeoclimate influences, Geopersia,9(1), 169-193.
-Vahdati Daneshmand, F.,1982. Geological report of western half of Sari Quadreangle,Geological Survey of Iran (internal report in Persian).
-Vakhrameev, V.A., Dobruskina, I.A. and Zaklinskaya, E.L., 1970. Paleozoic and Mesozoic floras of Eurasia and phytogeography of that time. Transactions of Geology Institute of Academy of Science of USSR Nauka, Moscow. (In Russian).
-Vollmer, T., 1987. Zur Geologie des no¨rdlichen Zentral-Elburz zwischen Chalus- und Haraz-Tal, Iran.Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch Pala¨ontologischen Institut der Universita¨t Hamburg, 63.
-Walkom, A.B., 1917. Mesozoic floras of Queensland. Part 1 continued. The flora of the Ipswich and Walloon Series (c.)Filicales, etc. Geological Survey of Queensland Publication, 257,1–65.
-Wang, P.X. 2009. Global monsoon in a geological perspective. Chinese Science Bulletin, 54,1113–1136.
-Zeiller, R., 1905. Sur les plantes rhétiennes de la Perse recueillies par MJ de Morgan. Société géologique de France,5, 190–198.
-Zanchi, A, Zanchetta, S., Berra, F., Mattei, M., Garzanti, E., Molyneux, S., Nawab, A. and Sabouri, J., 2009. The Eo-Cimmerian (Late? Triassic) orogeny in north Iran. Geological Society, London, Special Publications,312,1,31-55.