Structural controls on the hydrogeochemistry of Azarshahr travertine springs, NW Iran
Subject Areas :
Karim
Taghipour
1
Mohammad Mahdi
Khatib
2
Mahmod Rez
Heyhata
3
Abdol Rez
Vaezihir
4
Esmail
Shabanian
5
Keywords: Travertine springs, Structural controls, Hydrogeochemistry, Urmia Lake ,
Abstract :
Travertine deposits in Azarshahr, NW Iran, are one of the most extensive travertine deposits in the world. The process of travertine deposit is currently active in the several springs. It was used a multidisciplinary approach to determine the source of fluids and structural characteristics of travertine springs. Results of in-situ measurements and type of travertine deposits, demonstrate that the springs are of thermogenic type with hydrothermal sources. Hydrogeochemical diagrams and ionic ratios represent that the type of spring waters are calcium carbonate, with increased sodium and chloride ions levels due to mixing with brine waters. Geophysical studies showed that these brines originated from the Urmia Lake or related brines, which are intruded through fracture systems to relay zones of faults and mixed with hydrothermal bicarbonate-saturated fluids. This phenomenon shows that hydrochemistry of travertine springs are affected by Urmia Lake or related brines.
تقی پور، ک. و عباسی، م.ر.، 1384. تراویتونیک: کاربرد نهشته های تراورتن در تکتونیک فعال. بیست و چهارمین گردهمایی علوم زمین. سازمان زمین شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور، 56-57.
تقی پور، ک. و محجل، م.، 1392. ساختار و نحوه تشکيل پشته¬های تراورتن در منطقه آذرشهر، آذربايجان، شمال باختر ايران. فصلنامه زمین- شناسی ایران، 25، 15-33.
شارمد، ت.، حسینی، س. ع. و محمدزاده، س.، 1394. گزارش هیدروژئوشیمی محدوده های مطالعاتی آذرشهر، شیرامین، عجب -شیر و مراغه. سازمان زمین شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور، 165.
صداقت، م.، 1378. زمين و منابع آب، انتشارات دانشگاه پيام نور، 376.
قدیرزاده، ا.، 1381. نقشه زمین شناسی 1:100000 آذرشهر. سازمان زمین شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور.
Alavi, M., 1994. Tectonic of the Zagros orogenic belt of Iran: New data and interpretations. Tectonophysics, 229, 211-238.
Al-Bassam, A.M., Awad, H.S. and Al-Alawi, J.A., 1997. Durov Plot: A computer program for processing and plotting hydrochemical data. Ground Water, 35, 362-367.
Altunel, E., 2005. Travertines: neotectonic indicators. In: Ozkul, M., Yagiz, S., Jones, B., (eds). Travertine, Proceedings of 1st International Symposium on Travertine, September 21–25, 2005, Denizli-Turkey, 120–127, Kozan Ofset, Ankara.
Altunel, E. and Hancock, P.L., 1993. Active fissuring and faulting in Quaternary travertines at Pamukkale, western turkey. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie (Z Geomorph NF), 94, 285–302.
Atabey, E., 2002. The formation of fissure-ridge type laminated travertine-tuff deposits microscopical chacteristics and diagenesis, Kirşehir, central Anatolia. Bulletin of the mineral research and exploration, 123–124, 59–65.
Bargar, K.E., 1978. Geology and thermal history of Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, 1444, 1-55.
Byrdina, S., Vandemeulebrouck, J., Cardellini, C., Legaz, A., Camerlynck, C., Chiodini, G., Lebourg, T., Letort, J., Motos, G., Carrier, A. and Bascou, P., 2014. Relations between electrical resistivity, carbon dioxide flux, and self-potential in the shallow hydrothermal system of Solfatara (Phlegrean Fields, Italy). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 283,172-182. DOI:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.07.010.
Caine, J.S., Evans, J.P., & Forster, C.B., 1996. Fault zone architecture and permeability structure. Geology, 24, 1025-1028.
Chafetz, H.S. and Folk, R.L., 1984. Travertines: depositional morphology and the bacterially constructed constituents. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 54, 289-316.
Dilsiz, C., 2006. Conceptual hydrodynamic model of the Pamukkale hydrothermal field, southwestern Turkey, based on hydrochemical and isotopic data. Hydrogeology Journal, 14, 562–572.
Ford, T.D. and Pedley, H.M., 1996. A review of tufa and travertine deposits of the world. Earth Science Review, 41,117–175.
Guo, L and Riding, R., 1998. Hot-spring travertine facies and sequences, late Pleistocene, Rapolano Terme, Italy. Sedimentology, 45,163–180.
Gudmundsson, A., Gjesdal, O., Brenner, S.L. and Fjeldskaar, I., 2003. Effects of linking up of discontinuities on fracture growth and groundwater transport. Hydrogeology Journal, 11, 84–99. doi:10.1007/s10040-002-0238-0.
Hancock, P.L., Chalmers, R.M.L., Altunel, E. and Çakir, Z., 1999. Travitonics: using travertines in active fault studies. Journal of Structural Geology, 21, 903-916.
Hounslow, A.W., 1995. Water quality data: analysis and interpretation. CRC Press LLC, 416.
Liu, Y., Zhou, X., Fang, B., Zhou, H. and Yamanaka, T., 2012. A preliminary analysis of the formation of travertine and travertine cones in the Jifei hot spring, Yunnan, China. Environment Earth Sciences, 66:1887–1896.
Pantecost, A., 2005. Travertine. Springer publications, 445.
Sikdar, P. K., Sarkar, S. S. and Palchoudhury, S., 2001. Geochemical evolution of groundwater in the Quaternary Aquifers of Calcutta and Howrah, India. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 19, 579–594.
Singhal, B.B.S. and Gupta, R.P., 2010. Applied Hydrogeology of Fractured Rocks. Springer, 408.
Taghipour, K., Khatib, M.M., Heyhat, M., Shabanian, E. and Vaezihir, A., 2018. Evidence for distributed active strike-slip faulting in NW Iran: The Maragheh and Salmas fault zones. Tectonophysics, 742–743, 15–33.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.05.022.