Mineralogy and geochemistry of gneisses from the Gol-e-Gohar complex, south of Kerman province
Subject Areas :Keywords: Gneiss, Gol-e-Gohar complex, Kerman province, Sanandaj-Sirjan zone.,
Abstract :
Gneisses from Gol-e-Gohar metamorphic complex in the south Kerman province and in the south-east of the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic zone with granitoid protolith represent the green schist to lower amphibolite facies as a result of early Cimmerian orogenic phase. The studied gneisses are composed of potassium feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, quartz and garnet as main mineralogical composition. In addition, apatite, ilmenite, titanite, chlorite and muscovite are accessory phases in gneisses. Geothermobarometric calculations estimate a temperature of 600 to 610°C, with a pressure of 8 to 10Kbar. This is in accordance with the lower amphibole facies. The partial enrichment of the LREE relative to HREE and the lack of depletion in HREE of the samples, the values of YbN greater than 10 (average 12.70), combined with the alkali nature of the primary magma, indicate an intra-plate garnet-free crustal source for the gneisses. In addition, the metamorphic processes gave them gneissic nature, however, features of the primary igneous rock are recognizable. This situation is consistent with the extensional rifting environment developed in the southern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone in the lower Paleozoic era in the early stages of the Paleo-Tethys formation.
References:
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-Cardona, A., Valencia, V., Bustamante, C., Garcia-Casco, A., Ojeda, G., Ruiz, J., Saldarriaga, M. and Weber, M., 2010. Tectonomagmatic setting and provenance of the Santa Marta Schists, northern Colombia: Insights on the growth and approach of Cretaceous Caribbean oceanic terrains to the South American continent. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 29, 784-804.
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-Mohajjel, M., and Fergusson, C.L., 2000. Dextral transpression in late Cretaceous continental collision, Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, Western Iran. Journal of Structural Geology, 22: 1125-1139.
-Nagudi, N., Koberl, Ch. and Kurat, G., 2003. Petrography and geochemistry of the Singo granite, Uganda .and implications for its origin. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 36, 1-14.
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-Newberry, R.J., Burns, L.E., Swanson, S.E. and Smith, T.E., 1990. Comparative petrologic evolution of the Sn and W granites of the Fairbanks-Circle area, interior Alaska. In: Stein H.J., Hannah, J.L. (Eds.). Ore-bearing Granite Systems; Petrogenesis and Mineralising Processes. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 246, 121-142.
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-O՛Connor, J.T., 1965. A classification for quartz-rich igneous rock based on feldspar ratios. United State, Geology Survey Professional Paper, 525B: B79-B84.
-Oliveros, V., Morata, D., Aguirre, L., Feraud, G. and Fornari, M., 2007. Jurassic to early cretaceous subduction-related magmatism in the Coastal cordillera of northern chile: geochemistry and petrogenesis. Revista Geologica de Chile, 34, 209- 232.
-Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B. W. and Tindle, A.G., 1984. Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 25, 956-983.
-Peate, D., 1997. The Paraná-Etendeka Province” in Mahoney, J., and Coffin, M.F, eds., “Large igneous provinces: Continental oceanic and planetary flood volcanism. American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph, 100, 217-245.
-Qian, J., Wei, C., Zhou, X. and Zhang, Y., 2013. Metamorphic P–T paths and New Zircon U–Pb age data for garnet–mica schist from the Wutai Group, North China Craton. Elsevier, Precambrian Research, 233, 282-296.
-Sabzehei, M., Navazi, M., Azizan, H., Roshan Ravan, J. and Nazemzadeh, M., 1997. Geological Map of Khabr, Scale 1/100000. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
-Searle, M.P. and Godin, L., 2003. The South Tibetan detachment and the Manaslu leucogranite: A structural reinterpretation and restoration of the Annapurna-Manaslu Himalaya, Nepal. Journal of Geology, 111, 505–523.
-Spear, F.S., 1993. Metamorphic Phase equilibria and pressure-temperature-time paths. Chapter 4, Crystal chemistry of rock-forming minerals. Mineralogical Society of America Monograph, 799.
-Stipp, M., Stünitz, H., Heilbronner, R. and Schmid, S.M., 2002. The eastern Tonale fault zone: a “natural laboratory” for crystal plastic deformation of quartz over a temperature range from 250 to 700°C. Journal of Structural Geology, 24, 1861–1884.
-Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematic of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J. (Eds.). Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society Special Publication, 42, 313-345.
-Taylor, S.R. and Mc Lennan, S.M., 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell, Oxford, 312.
- Turkina, O.M. and Sukhorukov, V.P., 2017. Composition and genesis of garnet in the rocks of aleoproterozoic gneiss-migmatite complex (Sharyzhalgai uplift, southwestern iberian craton). Russian Geology and Geophysics, 58,6, 674-691.
-Vernon, R. H., 2007. Problems in identifying restite in S-type granites of southeastern Australia, with speculations on sources of magma and enclaves. Canadian Mineralogist, 45, 147-178.
-Whalen, J.B., Currie, K.L. and Chappell, B.W., 1987. A-type granites: geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 95, 407-419.
-Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviation for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185-187.
-Whitney, D.L., Goergen, E.T., Ketchan, R.A. and Kunze, K., 2008. Formation of garnet polycrystals during metamorphic crystallization. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 26,3, 365-383.
-Wilson, M., 1989, Igneous petrogenesis. Unwin Hyman, London, 466.
-Winchester, J.A. and Floyd, P.A, 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology, 20, 235-343.
-Winkler, J.D.H., 2011. Petrogenesis of Metamorphic rocks, Springr-Verlag New York, 263.
-WU, C.M., Zhang, J. and Ren, L.D., 2004. Empirical garnet–biotite–plagioclase–quartz (GBPQ) geobarometry in medium- to high-grade metapelites. Journal of Petrology, 45, 1907–1921.
-Wu, F., Jahn, B.M., Wilde, S.A., Lo, C.H., Yui, T.F., Lin, Q., Ge, W.C. and Sun, D., 2003. Highly fractionated I-type granites in NE China (II), isotopic geochemistry and implications for crustal growth in the Phanerozoic. Lithos, 67, 191–204.
-Wu, F., Sun, D., Huimin, L., Jahn, B. and Wilds, S., 2002. A-type granites in northeastern China: age and geochemical constraints on their petrogenesis. Chemical Geology, 187, 143–173.
شفیعی بافتی، ش.، 1379. تکامل تکتونیکی سنگ‌های پالئوزوئیک- مزوزوئیک کمربند دگرگونی سنندج –سیرجان، منطقه خبر. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، 153 .
- فاتحی، ح.، احمدی پور، ح.، 1396. بازسازی محیط زمین‌شناسی سنگ مادر مجموعه¬هاي دگرگوني گل¬گهر، روتشون و خبر ( جنوب باختر بافت، استان کرمان). فصلنامه علوم زمین، شماره 105، 264-253.
-Berger, A., Scherrer, N. C. and Bussy, F., 2005. Equilibration and disequilibration between monazite and garnet: indication from phase - composition and quantitative texture analysis. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 23,9, 865-880.
-Bucher, K. and Frey, M., 2002. Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks. 7th edition, Springer-Verlag Berlin, 341.
-Bucher, K., and Grapes, R., 2011. Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 441.
-Cardona, A., Valencia, V., Bustamante, C., Garcia-Casco, A., Ojeda, G., Ruiz, J., Saldarriaga, M. and Weber, M., 2010. Tectonomagmatic setting and provenance of the Santa Marta Schists, northern Colombia: Insights on the growth and approach of Cretaceous Caribbean oceanic terrains to the South American continent. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 29, 784-804.
-Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. and Zussman, J., 1992. An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals. Seventeenth impression, Longman Scientific and Technical, 696.
-Droop, G.T.R., 1987. A general equation for estimating Fe3+ concentrations in ferromagnesian silicates and oxides from microprobe analyses, using stoichiometric criteria. Mineralogical Magazine, 51, 431-450.
-Dziggel, A., Wulff, K., Kolb, J., Meyer, F.M., and Lahaye, Y., 2009. Significance of oscillatory and bell-shaped growth zoning in hydrothermal garnet: Evidence from the Navachab gold deposit, Namibia. Journal of Chemical Geology, 262,3-4, 262–276.
-Foster, M.D., 1960. Interpretation of the composition of trioctahedral micas. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 354B: 1-49.
-Fu-Yuan, W., Sun, D. and Wilde, S., 2004. A Jurassic garnet-bearing granitic pluton from NE China showing tetrad patterns. Journal of Asian Earth Science, 23,5, 731-744.
-Ganguly, J. and Tirone, M., 2002. Closure-temperature and -age of minerals. Journal of Geochimica et osmochimica Acta, 66, 260.
-Garrels, R.M. and Mackenzie, F. F., 1971. Evolution of sedimentary rocks. W.M. Noron and Co., New York, 394.
-Henry, D.J. and Guidotti, C.V., 2002. Ti in biotite from metapelitic rocks: Temperature effects, crystallochemical controls and petrologic applications. American Mineralogist, 87, 375-382.
-Henry, D.J., Guidotti, V.C. and Thomson, A.J., 2005. The Ti-saturation surface for low to medium pressure metapelitic biotite: Implications for geothermometry and Ti- substitution mechanisms. American Mineralogist, 90, 316-328.
-Hwang, S.L., Yui, T.F., Chu, H.T. and Shen, P., 2001. Submicron polyphase inclusions in garnet from the Tananao metamorphic complex, Taiwan, a key to unraveling otherwise unrecognized metamorphic events. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 19,5, 601- 607.
-Kapp, P., Manning, C.E. and Tropper, P., 2009. Phase equilibrium constraints on titanite and rutile activities in mafic epidote amphibolites and geobarometry using titanite–rutile equilibria. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 27, 509-521.
-Kohn, M.J., Paul, S.K., and Corrie, S.L., 2010. The lower Lesser Himalayan Sequence: A Paleoproterozoic arc on the northern margin of the Indian plate. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 122, 323–335.
-Li Li, H., Kuang, X., Mao, A., Li, Y. and Wang, S., 2010. Study of local structures and optical spectra for octahedral Fe3+ centers in a series of garnet crystals A3B-2C3O12 (A = Cd, Ca; B = Al, Ga, Sc, In; C = Ge, Si). Journal of Chemical Physics Letters, 484, 387-391.
-Martino, R. D., Guereschi, A. B. and Sfragulla, J. A., 2009. Petrology, structure and tectonic significance of the Tuclame banded schists in the Sierras Pampeanas of Córdoba and its relationship with the metamorphic basement of northwestern Argentina. Journal of South America n Earth Sciences, 27, 280–298.
-Menzies, M., Klemperer, S.L., Ebinger, C.J. and Baker, j., 2002. Characteristics of volcanic rifted margins. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 362, 1-14.
-Mohajjel, M., and Fergusson, C.L., 2000. Dextral transpression in late Cretaceous continental collision, Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, Western Iran. Journal of Structural Geology, 22: 1125-1139.
-Nagudi, N., Koberl, Ch. and Kurat, G., 2003. Petrography and geochemistry of the Singo granite, Uganda .and implications for its origin. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 36, 1-14.
-Nakamura, N., 1974. Determination of REE , Ba, Fe, Mg, Na and K in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrite. Geochemica Cosmochemica Acta, 38, 757-775.
-Newberry, R.J., Burns, L.E., Swanson, S.E. and Smith, T.E., 1990. Comparative petrologic evolution of the Sn and W granites of the Fairbanks-Circle area, interior Alaska. In: Stein H.J., Hannah, J.L. (Eds.). Ore-bearing Granite Systems; Petrogenesis and Mineralising Processes. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 246, 121-142.
-Norlander, B.H., Whitney, D.L., Teyssier, C. and Vanderhaeghe, O., 2002. Partial melting and decompression of the Thor-Odin Dome, Shuswap metamorphic core complex. Canada. Journal of Cord. Lithos, 61, 103–125.
-O՛Connor, J.T., 1965. A classification for quartz-rich igneous rock based on feldspar ratios. United State, Geology Survey Professional Paper, 525B: B79-B84.
-Oliveros, V., Morata, D., Aguirre, L., Feraud, G. and Fornari, M., 2007. Jurassic to early cretaceous subduction-related magmatism in the Coastal cordillera of northern chile: geochemistry and petrogenesis. Revista Geologica de Chile, 34, 209- 232.
-Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B. W. and Tindle, A.G., 1984. Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 25, 956-983.
-Peate, D., 1997. The Paraná-Etendeka Province” in Mahoney, J., and Coffin, M.F, eds., “Large igneous provinces: Continental oceanic and planetary flood volcanism. American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph, 100, 217-245.
-Qian, J., Wei, C., Zhou, X. and Zhang, Y., 2013. Metamorphic P–T paths and New Zircon U–Pb age data for garnet–mica schist from the Wutai Group, North China Craton. Elsevier, Precambrian Research, 233, 282-296.
-Sabzehei, M., Navazi, M., Azizan, H., Roshan Ravan, J. and Nazemzadeh, M., 1997. Geological Map of Khabr, Scale 1/100000. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
-Searle, M.P. and Godin, L., 2003. The South Tibetan detachment and the Manaslu leucogranite: A structural reinterpretation and restoration of the Annapurna-Manaslu Himalaya, Nepal. Journal of Geology, 111, 505–523.
-Spear, F.S., 1993. Metamorphic Phase equilibria and pressure-temperature-time paths. Chapter 4, Crystal chemistry of rock-forming minerals. Mineralogical Society of America Monograph, 799.
-Stipp, M., Stünitz, H., Heilbronner, R. and Schmid, S.M., 2002. The eastern Tonale fault zone: a “natural laboratory” for crystal plastic deformation of quartz over a temperature range from 250 to 700°C. Journal of Structural Geology, 24, 1861–1884.
-Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematic of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J. (Eds.). Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society Special Publication, 42, 313-345.
-Taylor, S.R. and Mc Lennan, S.M., 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell, Oxford, 312.
- Turkina, O.M. and Sukhorukov, V.P., 2017. Composition and genesis of garnet in the rocks of aleoproterozoic gneiss-migmatite complex (Sharyzhalgai uplift, southwestern iberian craton). Russian Geology and Geophysics, 58,6, 674-691.
-Vernon, R. H., 2007. Problems in identifying restite in S-type granites of southeastern Australia, with speculations on sources of magma and enclaves. Canadian Mineralogist, 45, 147-178.
-Whalen, J.B., Currie, K.L. and Chappell, B.W., 1987. A-type granites: geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 95, 407-419.
-Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviation for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185-187.
-Whitney, D.L., Goergen, E.T., Ketchan, R.A. and Kunze, K., 2008. Formation of garnet polycrystals during metamorphic crystallization. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 26,3, 365-383.
-Wilson, M., 1989, Igneous petrogenesis. Unwin Hyman, London, 466.
-Winchester, J.A. and Floyd, P.A, 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology, 20, 235-343.
-Winkler, J.D.H., 2011. Petrogenesis of Metamorphic rocks, Springr-Verlag New York, 263.
-WU, C.M., Zhang, J. and Ren, L.D., 2004. Empirical garnet–biotite–plagioclase–quartz (GBPQ) geobarometry in medium- to high-grade metapelites. Journal of Petrology, 45, 1907–1921.
-Wu, F., Jahn, B.M., Wilde, S.A., Lo, C.H., Yui, T.F., Lin, Q., Ge, W.C. and Sun, D., 2003. Highly fractionated I-type granites in NE China (II), isotopic geochemistry and implications for crustal growth in the Phanerozoic. Lithos, 67, 191–204.
-Wu, F., Sun, D., Huimin, L., Jahn, B. and Wilds, S., 2002. A-type granites in northeastern China: age and geochemical constraints on their petrogenesis. Chemical Geology, 187, 143–173.