Geology, structure, texture, fluid inclusion and formation model of Michigan type copper mineralization in the Sebandoon deposit, Northeast of Iran
Subject Areas :
B.
Hammamipour Baranji
1
(Tarbiat Modares University)
H.A.
Tajeddin
2
M.
Movahednia
3
(Tarbiat Modares university)
Keywords: Michigan type, Sebandoon, Sabzevar subzone, Native copper, Fluid inclusion,
Abstract :
The Sebandoon copper deposit is located in the northern part of the Sabzevar subzone. The rock units exposed in the area consist of upper Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequences of trachyte, trachyandesite, basalt, split, shale, dacite and sandstone. The Sebandoon native copper deposit comprises stratabound mineralization which is hosted in split basalt. The main ore structures and textures in the deposit include disseminate, veinlets, open space filling and replacement forms. The ore mineral assemblages are simple and consist of native copper, coprite and malachite and main gang minerals are zeolite, calcite, quartz, chlorite and epidote. Fluid inclusion studies on ore-bearing zeolite reveal that majority of primary inclusions are liquid-rich two-phase (LV) ones. The studies indicate homogenization temperatures were between 228 and 340°C and salinity varied between 0.6 to 5.7 wt% NaCl eq. Based on the evidence from geology, mineralogy, alteration, fluid inclusion, and geodynamic environment, the Sebandoon copper deposit is similar to Michigan copper type deposits, in which copper was leached from the basaltic rocks during burial metamorphism and the ore-forming fluids moved upwards and subsequently deposited as native copper due to low pressure and mixing with meteoric fluids.
آقانباتی، ع.، 1383. زمین‌شناسی ایران؛ وزارت صنایع و معادن، سازمان زمین‌شناسی و اکتشافات مواد معدنی کشور، 586.
پناهی¬شهری، م.، کریم¬پور، م.ح. و شبانی، ف.، 1389. کانی¬سازی و اکتشافات ژئوشیمیایی در کمربند ولکانیکی-پلوتونیکی هلاک¬آباد (جنوب سبزوار) با نگرشی بر اکتشافات مس پورفیری؛ مجله زمین¬شناسی اقتصادی، 1، 2، 38-21.
حمامی¬پور بارنجی، ب.، 1394. زمین¬شناسی، کانی‌شناسی، ژئوشیمی و زایش کانسار طلای سه بندون، شمال بردسکن؛ پایان¬نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، 225.
حمامی¬پور بارنجی، ب.، تاج¬الدین، ح.ع. و برهمند، ل.، 1397. زمین¬شناسی و کانه¬زایی کانسار طلای اپی¬ترمال سه¬بندون، شمال بردسکن، خراسان رضوی؛ فصلنامه علوم زمین، 27، 108، 168-155.
روحبخش، پ.، ابراهیمی، خ.، همام، م. و عباس¬نیا، ح.، 1389. بررسی زمین¬شناسی، دگرسانی، کانی¬سازی و ژئوشیمی در گستره پی¬جویی دهن قلعه، شمال¬غربی بردسکن؛ مجله بلورشناسی و کانی¬شناسی ایران، 4، 581-600.
روزبه¬کارگر، س. و قمیان، ی.، 1377. طرح اکتشاف مواد معدنی با استفاده از داده¬های ماهواره¬ای و ژئوفیزیک هوایی (پروژه سبزوار)، گزارش اکتشافات چکسی ورقه یکصد هزارم باشتین؛ سازمان زمین¬شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور.
سپهری¬راد، ر.، 1388. گزارش پی‌جویی مس رسوبی در محور کدکن-ششتمد (شمال تربت حیدریه)؛ سازمان زمین¬شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور.
طاشی، م.، موسیوند، ف. و قاسمی، ح.، 1395. الگوی رخداد کانه¬زایی مس طبیعی در سنگ¬های آتشفشانی میزبان کانسار سولفید توده¬ای آتشفشان-زاد مس- نقره گرماب پایین، جنوب شرق شاهرود؛ فصلنامه زمین¬شناسی ایران، 10، 40، 105-89.
عشق¬آبادی، م.، 1377. طرح اکتشاف مواد معدنی با استفاده از داده¬های ماهواره¬ای و ژئوفیزیک هوایی (پروژه سبزوار)، گزارش اکتشافات چکشی ورقه یک صد هزارم سلطان¬آباد؛ سازمان زمین¬شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور.
محمدی، م.، نباتیان، ق.، هنرمند، م. و ابراهیمی، م.، 1398. زمین¬شناسی و خاستگاه کانه¬زایی مس در کانسار دهنه، شمال خاور زنجان؛ فصلنامه زمین¬شناسی اقتصادی، 11، 3، 524-497.
مرادی، م.، 1390. ژنز کانی¬زایی مس و سرب در کانسار عباس‌آباد، طارم سفلی، استان قزوین؛ پایان¬نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان.
مغفوری، س.، 1391. زمین¬شناسی، کانی¬شناسی، ژئوشیمی و ژنز کانه¬زایی مس در توالی آتش¬فشانی-رسوبی کرتاسه پسین در جنوب غرب سبزوار، با تأکید بر کانسار نوده؛ پایان¬نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.
نادری میقان، ن.، 1377. نقشه زمین¬شناسی 1:100000 ورقه شامکان؛ سازمان زمین¬شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور.
نظافتی، ن.، 1379. زمین¬شناسی اقتصادی پتانسیل¬های فلزی منطقه نطنز؛ پایان¬نامه کارشناسی ارشد، پژوهشکده علوم زمین، سازمان زمین¬شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور.
Agard, P., Omrani, J., Jolivet, L. and Mouthereau, F., 2005. Convergence history across Zagros (Iran): constraints from collisional and earlier deformation. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 94, 401–419.
Alavi, M., 1994. Tectonics of the Zagros orogenic belt of Iran: New data and interpretations. Tectonophysics, 229, 211-238.
Baronz, F. and Macaudiere, J., 1984. La serie volcanosedimentaire du chainon ophiolitique de Sabzevar (Iran). Ofioliti, 9, 3–26.
Bornhorst, T.J. and Mathur, R., 2017. Copper Isotope Constraints on the Genesis of the Keweenaw Peninsula Native Copper District, Michigan, USA. Minerals, 7,10, 185.
Bornhorst, T.J. and Woodruff, L.G., 1997. Native copper precipitation by fluid-mixing Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan. Institute on Lake Superior Geology Proceedings and Abstracts, 43, 1, 9–10.
Bornhorst, T.J., Paces, J.B., Grant, N.K., Obradovich, J.D. and Huber, N.K., 1988. Age of native copper mineralization, Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan. Economic Geology, 83, 619–625.
Brown, A.C., 2006. Genesis of native copper lodes in the Keweenaw Peninsula, Norther Michigan: A hybrid evolved meteoric and metamorphogenic model. Economic Geology, 101, 1437–1444.
Butler, B.S. and Burbank, W.S., 1929. The copper deposits of Michigan. U.S. Geological Survey of Professional Paper, 144, 1–238.
Campus, F., 1980. Distroto Minero Punta del cobre, modelo interpretative. Revista Geológica de Chile, 11, 51–76.
Cannon, W.F., 1992. The Midcontinent Rift in the Lake Superior region with emphasis on its geodynamic evolution; Tectonophysics, 213, 41–48.
Cho, M., Maruyama, S. and Liou, J.G., 1985. Phase equilibria and mineral parageneses of metabasites in low-grade metamorphism. Mineralogical Magazine, 49,3, 321–333.
Coombs, D.S., Ellis, A.D., Fyfe, W.S. and Taylor, A.M., 1959. The zeolite facies with comments on the interpretation of hydrothermal syntheses. Geochimca et Cosmochimca Acta, 17,1–2, 53–107.
Cornwall, H.R., 1956. A summary of ideas on the origin of native copper deposits. Economic Geology, 51, 615–631.
D’ujykov, O. A., Distler, V. V., Arhipova, A. I., Natorhin, I. A. and Fedorenko, V. A., 1977. Structure and forming conditions of the Cu-bearing horizons of the tuff-lava strata (Siberian platform). Doklady ANSSSR, Seriya geologicheskaya, 5, 105– 120 (in Russian).
Davis, D.W. and Paces, J.B. 1990. Time resolution of geologic events on the Keweenaw Peninsula and implications for development of the Midcontinent rift system. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 97, 54–64.
Ghasemi, A. and Talbot, C.J., 2006. A new tectonic scenario for the Sanandaj– Sirjan Zone (Iran). Journal of Asian Earth Science, 26, 683–693.
Grant, N. K., Obradovich, J. D. and King Huber, N., 1988. Age of native copper mineralization, Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan. Economic Geology, 71, 619–625.
Guilbert, J.M. and Park, C.F., 2007. The Geology of Ore Deposits. Waveland Press, Long Grove, United State of America, 985.
Guilbert, J.M. and Park, J.C.F., 1986. The Geology of Ore Deposits. Freeman, New york, 985.
Hall, D.L., Sterner, S.M. and Bodnar, R.J., 1988. Freezing point depression of NaCl-KClH2O solutions. Economic Geology. 83, 197-20.
Heaman, L.M., Easton, R.M., Hart, T.M., MacDonald, C.A., Hollings, P. and Smyk, M., 2007. Further refinement to the timing of Mesoproterozoic magmatism, Lake Nipigon region, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 44, 1055–1086.
Hedenquist, J.W., Izawa, E., Arribas, A. and White, N.C., 1996. Hydrothermal system in volcanic arcs, origin of the exploration for epithermal gold deposits: a short course at Mineral Resource Department. Geological Survey of Japan, Higashi 1-1-3, Tsukuba 305, Japan, 139 p.
Jiangxi Exploration Co. China, 1994. Explanatory text of geochemical map of Shamkan (7760), Stream sediment survey 1:100000. No 22.
Jolly, W.T., 1974. Behavior of Cu, Zn, and Ni during prehnite-pumpellyite rank metamorphism of the Keweenawan basalts, northern Michigan. Economic Geology, 69, 1118–1125.
Kirkham, R. V., 1996. Volcanic redbed copper. In: Geology of Canadian Mineral Deposit Types, Ed: O.R., Eskstrand, O.R., Sinclair, W.D. and Thorpe, R.I. Geological Survey of Canada, 8, 241–252.
Kojima, S., Trista, D., Guilera, A. and Ken-ichiro ayashi, H., 2009. Genetic aspects of the mantotype copper deposits based on geochemical studies of north Chilean deposits. Resource Geology, 59, 1, 87–98.
Phillipotts, A. R., 1986. Facies classification of metamorphic rocks. In: Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology. Publishing [Co.] Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 326–328.
Püeschner, U.R., 2001. Very low-grade metamorphism in the Portage Lake Volcanics on the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan, USA. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, 1–81.
Roedder, E., 1984. Fluid inclusions. Reviews in Mineralogy, 12, 664 p.
Ruiz, C., Aguilar, A., Egert, E., Espinosa, W., Peebles, F., Quezada, R. and Serrano, M., 1971. Stratabound copper sulphide deposits of Chile. The Society of Mining Geologists of Japan, 3, 252–260.
Shafaii Moghadam, H., 2009. The Nain–Baft Ophiolites (Central Iran): Age, Structure and Origin. Ph.D. thesis Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran, 532 p.
Shafaii Moghadam, H., Stern, R.J Corfu, F., Chiaradia, M. and Ghorbani, G., 2014. Sabzevar Ophiolite, NE Iran: Progress from embryonic oceanic lithosphere into magmatic arc constrained by new isotopic and geochemical data. Lithos, 224–241.
Shafaii Moghadam, H. and Stern, R.J., 2014. Ophiolites of Iran: keys to understanding the tectonic evolution of SW Asia: (I) Paleozoic ophiolites. Journal of Asian Earth Science, 91, 19–38.
Shafaii Moghadam, H. and Stern, R.J., 2015. Ophiolites of Iran: Keys to understanding the tectonic evolution of SW Asia: (II) Mesozoic ophiolites. Journal of Asian Earth Science, 100, 31–59.
Shepherd, T.J., Rankin, A.H. and Alderton, D.H.M., 1985. A practical guide to fluid inclusion studies. Blackie, Glasgow, 223.
Shojaat, B., Hassanipak, A.A., Mobasher, K. and Ghazi, A.M., 2003. Petrology, geochemistry and tectonics of the Sabzevar ophiolite, north central Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21, 1053–1067.
Sims, P. K., 1976. Precambrian tectonics and mineral deposits, Lake Superior region. Economic Geology, 71, 1092–1127.
Sterner, S.M., Hall, D.L. and Bodnar, R.J., 1988, Synthetic fluid inclusions V: solubility relations in the system NaCl-KCl-H2O under vaporsaturated conditions. Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta, Vol: 52(5), p: 989-1005.
Weege, R.J. and Pollock, J.P., 1971. The Calumet Division Geological Staff. The geology of two new mines in the native copper district. Economic Geology, 67, 622–633.
White, W.S., 1968. The native-copper deposits of northern Michigan; In Ore Deposits of the United States, 1933–1967 (Graton Sales Volume); Ridge, J.D., Ed. American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers: New York, NY, USA, 303–325.
Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist 95, 185–187.
Wilkinson, J.J., 2001. Fluid Inclusions in hydrothermal ore deposits. Lithos, 55, 229-279.
Wilson, N.S.F. and Zentilli, M., 1999. The role of organic matter in the genesis of the El Soldado volcanic-hosted manto-type Cu deposit, Chile. Economic Geology, 94, 1115–1136.
Woodruff, L.G., Daines, M.J., Cannon, W.F. and Nicholson, S.W., 1995. The Thermal History of the Midcontinent Rift in the Lake Superior Region: Implications for Mineralization and Partial Melting. In Proceedings of the International Geological Correlation Program Field Conference and Symposium on the Petrology and Metallogeny of Volcanic and Intrusive Rocks of the Midcontinent Rift System, Duluth, MN, USA, 19 August–1 September. Volume 336, 213–214.
Zhu, B. and Zhang, Z., 2003. Discovery of the copper deposits with features of the Keweenawan type in the border area of Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. Science in China, D, 46, 60–72.